Quantifying transport, regulatory and other costs of India–Bangladesh trade

In the globalised world, international borders ought to be mere lines on the map. But recent studies have shown that informal trade barriers still exist, and inhibit trade, particularly so in the developing countries. This can arise due to a host of factors such as complex customs procedures, which sometimes change, and capacity constraints, given limited facilities and/or corruption at the border. However, non-tariff barriers of various sorts and structural impediments are less obvious and perhaps more interesting, but also much more difficult to measure directly. In this context, this paper attempts to quantify the relevant costs resulting from informal barriers that impinge upon trade between India and Bangladesh through the land customs stations (LCSs) at Petrapole (West Bengal) and Benapole (Bangladesh). The study is based on primary data collated through surveys conducted in West Bengal. Our estimates show that the aggregate delay pertaining to all the phases of exports turns out to be approximately four days for a single shipment. It also shows that the additional transaction costs in terms of delays and speed money incurred by the Indian exporters during trading with Bangladesh is about 10 per cent of shipment value. The present study has shown that informal barriers/para-tariff in India-Bangladesh trade are already high and further trade liberalisation without improving the infrastructure would be counterproductive. The paper ends with feasible policy recommendations to make trade between India and Bangladesh more vibrant.

Mitigating carbon emission through economic instruments: An Indian Perspective

EnergyEnergy ResourcesCarbon Emission

Health Sector Reforms in India: A Situation Analysis

The process of economic reforms in the 1990s has resulted in a paradigm shift in the health sector in India. This paper is a modest attempt to address these concerns by focussing on aspects of health equity interplay between private and public sector service providers, and determinants of service providers. Our finding indicates that to a large extent, accessibility and quality of services govern the choice of health service provider. We also find that the existence of an efficient public health system can act as a major anchor for equity in the health service syste

Health Sector Reforms in India: A Situation Analysis

The process of economic reforms in the 1990s has resulted in a paradigm shift in the health sector in India. This paper is a modest attempt to address these concerns by focussing on aspects of health equity interplay between private and public sector service providers, and determinants of service providers. Our finding indicates that to a large extent, accessibility and quality of services govern the choice of health service provider. We also find that the existence of an efficient public health system can act as a major anchor for equity in the health service syste

Quantifying the Transport, Regulatory and Other Costs of Indian Overland Exports to Bangladesh

In the globalised world, country borders ought to be arbitrary lines on the map. But recent studies have shown that informal trade barriers still do exist and inhibit trade flows, particularly so in the developing countries. This can arise due to a host of factors such as, complex customs procedures, which sometimes are changing, capacity constraints given limited facilities and/or corruption at the border. These types of non-tariff barriers of various sorts and structural impediments are less obvious and perhaps more interesting, but also much more difficult to directly measure. In this context, this paper attempts to quantify all the relevant costs resulting from informal trade barriers that impinge upon Indian overland exports to Bangladesh through the land custom stations (LCSs) at Petrapole (West Bengal, India) and Benapole (Bangladesh). The study is based on primary data collated through surveys conducted in West Bengal. Our estimate shows that the aggregate delay pertaining to all the phases of exports turns out to be approximately four days for a single shipment. It also shows that the additional transaction cost in terms of delays and speed money incurred by the Indian exporters during trading with Bangladesh is about 10 per cent of the shipment value. Our estimate has shown that informal barriers/para-tariff in Indian overland exports to Bangladesh are already high. Therefore, it is essential to improve the infrastructure and administration at the border to reduce transaction cost. It would be even more important to do this if trade is liberalised, because congestion costs will otherwise rise with the resulting increased demand for trade across the border. The paper concludes with feasible policy recommendations to make trade between India and Bangladesh more vibrant

Mitigating Carbon Emission through Economic Instruments: An Indian Perspective

The paper has two objectives. One, to analyse the pattern of energy usage in India and the implications thereof for carbon emission; two, to examine whether pricing and taxation policies have any role to play in mitigating carbon emissions. It is shown that the pattern of energy usage exhibits a shift towards non-coal based energy products. It also suggests that the reduction in carbon emissions is not sufficient to warrant the use of carbon taxation for mitigating emissions. [NCAER WP 96].carbon emission, Indian, pricing, taxation

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Not AvailableComputation of Agriculture is a concept to encourage sustainable growth of agriculture and rural development. The concept is anticipated through an analytically enabled digital platform, “eRural Services”. The platform helps to capture data through digital means and process through advanced analytical models to provide valuable insights from the data. It helps to reduce uncertainty in farming business and enhance productivity. The agri-business services through analytical tools and engaging multiple corporations make the application economically viable and encouraging. The public and policy making institutes will be interested to monitor periodic developmental metrics and suggest strategies for sustainable growth. Thus the stakeholders of entire eco-system are encouraged to be participated in the developmental process through this analytical platform, modernizing the farming systems and encouraging the youths in agriculture.Not Availabl